Saturday, February 29, 2020

An Effective Electoral system

An Effective Electoral system Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . An Effective Electoral system Electoral system or voting system is a system by which voters can make a choice between the options put forward before them. It is often used in an election or when passing a policy referendum. In a democratic state, the electoral process determines who will in charge of the political office. It is the electorate which confers the power to govern and calls government to account. A voting system contains rules for valid voting, and how votes are counted and aggregated to tally the final result   [ 1 ]   . According to Encyclopedia Britannica, electoral system, method and rules of counting votes is used to determine the outcome of elections. Winner may be determined by a plurality, a majority (more than 50% of the vote), an extraordinary majority (a percentage of votes greater than 50%), or unanimity. Candidates for public office may be elected directly or indirectly   [ 2 ]   . In this question, it was asked whether a proper electoral system wo uld be able to uphold rights. Well, first we shall look at what is a proper electoral system? A proper electoral system or also known as a proportional electoral system is a principle which attempts to ensure that the outcome of the election reflects the proportion of support gained by each competing parties. In easier words, a proportional electoral system occurs when there equal amount of votes and seats in the parliament. Proportional electoral system is totally different from the Majoritarian principle. In majoritarian system, party or candidates obtain a plurality of votes within that certain constituency wins that election. Examples of a proportional system are Single Transferrable Vote (STV) and Party List System. A single transferrable vote is a method of election where a voter ranks the candidates in order or preference. This system does not depend on the candidate being grouped into their political parties   [ 3 ]   . The votes would be transferred between candidates i n a manner similar to instant run off voting, but in addition to transferring votes from the candidates who have been eliminated to the next candidate on the list. This method is being applied in Australia, Ireland, Malta, New York, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Toledo, and Boulder.   [ 4 ]   This system is a good system as it prevents votes from being wasted; this is because all the votes given by the voters would be taken into account. And through this system, the citizens of that specific area would have more voice to voice out their opinion and problems in the Parliament, as they have not only one representative but a larger choice of representative. STV also protects the minorities. This is because the minority voters may split their votes across party lines. They can also exercise choice among candidates from the same party. However, STV has disadvantages. One of it is that this system is extremely complex, as it requires a large amount time and meticulous mathematical calculatio ns. Party List System on the other hand, is method in which the voters vote for the parties, rather that voting for the individual candidates   [ 5 ]   . For each of the quota of votes a certain party receives, one of their representatives wins a seat in Parliament. This system is being used in most European democracies and also in most newly democratized countries, like South Africa. This system is simple, easy to understand and it works in any uncomplicated manners. It does not require any complicated and time consuming calculations. This system is extremely fair and equitable from the whole distribution of seats. However, the disadvantage of this system is that no single party can secure an absolute majority in the Parliament. It also destroys the valuable local link between the MP and his constituents, as the constituents may not even know their representative. Party List System also places too much power in the hands of those at the top of the party hierarchy.

Wednesday, February 12, 2020

Forecasting Techniques In Aviation Industry Essay

Forecasting Techniques In Aviation Industry - Essay Example The company developed and implemented a global supply chain solution. This enabled the company to deliver on board customer services as one of the largest airline firms of the world. The company is first to personalize the service for the valued customers. The technology partners of the company are industry matematik International (IMI), Manugistics. One of the most valued strength of the company is committed and professional people in the staff. The majority of the staff in BA is willing to own a problem and is capable of chasing it exemplary. 1 The British Airways demonstrated the compatibility of pleasure and profits. The organization in the company presented its culture as the explanation for the transformation. The organizational environment at the time of transformation resulted in structural changes observing the impact of them in the long term. The organizational structure of the firm exhibited no corporate friction. In general the corporate friction targets to promote positive attitudes by increasing employee's area of responsibility. This system will align financial interests. BA's organizational structure targeted employee attitudes and aimed at secure commitment. The structure did not resign behavioral compliance as staff has common vision in working together. 2 1.2 Problem definition and analysis: The problem conside... When the items are slow moving, generally they are not available readily and the maintenance of those parts by the company can be a burden of inventory. As airlines are a service industry, the maintenance of an inventory to avoid shortage of spare parts is not cost effective practice. One of the possible solutions is the forecasting techniques for the shortage of spares. The forecasting of the problem helps in acquiring the required parts in a particular period of time for the aircrafts of the firm. The all zero, several levels of demand lumpiness, demand variation and ordering, holding and shortage cost are the few models that can be useful in fore casting the shortage of spares in the airlines firm. The evaluation of the forecasting methods by three measures of forecast error and other measures by inventory cost is recommended. All zero forecasts yield the lowest cost when the lumpiness is high. The bid lumpiness also requires the zero forecasts when the shortage cost is more than the holding cost. The maintenance of the spares in the form of inventory should be termed as cost effective when the cost incurred on the company due to shortage is more than the holding cost of the spares in the form of inventory.3 2. Literature Review 2.1 Forecasting demands and Challenges: A.A. Ghobbar in 1994 stated that the most accurate forecasting method on the basis of demand pattern fluctuation in the industry. The average mean absolute percentage error can help in selecting the forecasting methods. The average inner demand interval categorisation can establishes the validity of the factor ranges as a crucial finding. This will simplify and segment the results obtained by evaluating the forecasting methods and

Saturday, February 1, 2020

Reserach Proposal on Leadership Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reserach on Leadership - Research Proposal Example Transformational leadership is increasingly seen as critical, not only in the competitive landscape of an organization, but also to the leader’s impact on team effectiveness (Grant, 2012; Ozaralli, 2003). Increasingly, leaders are not only faced with the challenge of how to introduce change, but also how to manage change (Watkins, 2004), which seems especially important when the introduction of the new leader is the change. Watkins (2003) notes that on average twelve employees are impacted by a new manager. This finding implies that what the new leader in transition does would affect a wide network of employees and, hence, performance within the organization. Since transformational leadership is deemed as critical for team performance, this research study seeks to examine the relationship between transformational leadership style and team effectiveness for new leaders in transition, with a special focus on professional knowledge-based work teams Problem / Opportunity Statement Most organizations in the current business climate are highly dependent on leaders to lead organizations to success. This dependence is especially so in the current high competitive business environment characterized by high leader turnover, frequent change, and high accountability to stakeholders (Grant, 2012; Hoffman, Bynum, Piccolo, & Sutton, 2011; Stewart, 1992). The problem is that organizations and leaders have failed to execute effective leadership transition action plans, which may lead to negative effects, such as leader stress, decreased productivity, higher turnover, and ineffective team performance (Gilmore, 2003). Understanding the role of transformational leadership in leadership transition and the impact that it has on team effectiveness would be an essential resource in understanding develop effective leadership transition plan. Both Wageman, Hackman, and Lehmen (2005), who proposed a model of team effectiveness in an organizational context, and Manderscheid and Ard ichvili (2008), who proposed a paired model integrating leadership transition theory that proposes effective team relationships are the result of successful leadership transitions, posit that transformational leadership style may be a critical success factor for team effectiveness and the success of new leaders (Appelbaum & Valero, 2007). Watkins (2004) maintained that, to accelerate the transition and build momentum, the new leader must have the ability to engage and influence many individuals throughout the organization â€Å"using vision, expertise and drive† (p. 16). Unlike well seasoned leaders who may have some understanding on what works in teams or how to handle various challenges that arise in newer teams that they are faced with, new leaders lack the experience of having to deal with such challenges. Most only have theoretical knowledge. Past literature have depicted transformational leadership as the most effective in enabling team performance and effectiveness (Wa geman, Hackman, and Lehmen, 2005). Although there is substantive research on leadership style and team effectiveness, there is less on new leader transition (Manderscheid & Ardichvili, 2008). Most of the research have focused on strategies to be employed in transitioning a leader (Manderscheid, 2008), formal interventions that organisations need to undertake in helping